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- $Unique_ID{BRK04321}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia}
- $Subject{Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia Waldenstroem's Macroglobulinemia
- Hyperglobulinemic Purpura Macroglobulinemia Waldenstrom's Syndrome Lymphocytic
- Leukemia, Chronic Waldenstrom's Purpura}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders,
- Inc.
-
- 513:
- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Waldenstrom
- Macroglobulinemia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS
- listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions
- covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Waldenstroem's Macroglobulinemia
- Hyperglobulinemic Purpura
- Macroglobulinemia
- Waldenstrom's Syndrome
- Waldenstrom's Purpura
-
- Information on the following disorder can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Lymphocytic Leukemia, Chronic
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia is a malignant lymph and blood cell
- disorder. Large quantities of homogeneous immunoglobulin-M (IgM) protein
- molecules are present in the blood. The disorder tends to run in families,
- occurring mainly among older males. An enlarged spleen and liver with
- abnormalities of the peripheral lymph glands are the most frequent symptoms.
- Weakness, anemia, fatigue and excessive bleeding, especially from the nose
- and mouth, also occur.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Symptoms of Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia usually begin gradually. The
- disorder is characterized by anemia, weakness, fatigue, and excessive
- bleeding from the nose and mouth. Lack of appetite (anorexia) may also
- occur. Paleness, mild enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly) and liver
- (hepatomegaly), and abnormalities of the peripheral lymph glands are the most
- frequent features of Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia. Lesions of the retina,
- accompanied by localized bleeding, fluid oozing from retinal blood vessels
- (exudation), and blockage of these veins may be the most noticeable features.
- Blurring or other vision impairment affects approximately one third of
- persons with this disorder.
-
- Disturbances in the peripheral nervous system may be the initial symptoms
- which usually involve both sensory and motor nerves (which stimulate muscle
- contractions). Sudden hearing loss, progressive spinal muscle wasting
- (atrophy), and multifocal disease of the white brain matter
- (leukoencephalopathy) may occur in some cases of Waldenstrom
- Macroglobulinemia. Diffuse infiltrates or isolated masses of lymph cells may
- occur in the lungs, or fluid may appear in the space between the lungs and
- their surrounding membrane resulting in breathing difficulty.
-
- A mild to moderate increase of urea in the blood (azotemia) occurs in
- approximately 20% of cases. This is often associated with "thickening"
- (dehydration and/or hyperviscosity) of the blood. Kidney failure may occur
- in rare cases. The accumulation of amyloid, an abnormal glycoprotein, in
- almost any organ system (systemic amyloidosis) may cause dysfunction in some
- cases.
-
- Causes
-
- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia is an autosomal dominant disorder. Symptoms
- are caused by an abnormal condition of the blood and lymph cells responsible
- for synthesis of gamma M macroglobulins. (Human traits including the classic
- genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that
- condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant
- disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother
- or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in
- appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from
- affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex
- of the resulting child.)
-
- Affected Population
-
- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia is a rare disorder more common among males than
- females. Symptoms usually begin between 60 and 70 years of age.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Waldenstrom
- Macroglobulinemia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia is the most common type of Leukemia in
- people over 50 years of age. It is characterized by fatigue, weight loss,
- repeated infections and enlarged lymph nodes. Small, well-separated,
- movable, hard nodes usually occur. The number of lymph cells in the
- peripheral blood and bone marrow is chronically elevated. In the advanced
- stages of the disease, bone marrow failure is common, resulting in an
- abnormally low red blood cell count (anemia) and lack of blood platelets
- (thrombocytopenia).
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia is treated with the cytotoxic alkylating drug
- chlorambucil which is directed against the abnormal proliferation of lymph
- and plasma cells. The dosage of this drug must be flexible, depending on
- white blood cell and blood platelet counts. Cyclophosphamide or a
- combination of alkylating drugs may also be beneficial. Careful monitoring
- by a physician experienced in their use is recommended.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- If the blood of patients with Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia is "too thick"
- (hyperviscous), plasmapheresis has been used as an experimental treatment.
- Blood is removed from the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma.
- The patient's plasma is then replaced with other human plasma and the blood
- is retransfused into the patient. This therapy is still under investigation
- to analyze side effects and effectiveness. More research is needed before
- plasmapheresis can be recommended for use in all but the most severe cases of
- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- April 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- American Cancer Society
- 1599 Clifton Rd., NE
- Atlanta, GA 30329
- (404) 320-3333
-
- NIH/National Cancer Institute
- 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- 1-800-4-CANCER
-
- The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a
- computerized database designed to give doctors quick and easy access to many
- types of information vital to treating patients with this and many other
- types of cancer. To gain access to this service, a doctor can contact the
- Cancer Information Service offices at 1-800-4-CANCER. Information
- specialists at this toll-free number can answer questions about cancer
- prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
-
- NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-4236
-
- References
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins
- University Press, 1986. P.472.
-
- POLYNEUROPATHY IN WALDENSTROM'S MACROGLOBULINAEMIA: REDUCTION OF
- ENDONEURIAL IgM-DEPOSITS AFTER TREATMENT WITH CHLORAMBUCIL AND
- PLASMAPHERESIS: C. Meier, et al.; Acta Neuropathol (Berlin) (1984: issue
- 64(4)). Pp. 297-307.
-
- ALLEVIATION OF OCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPERVISCOSITY SYNDROME IN
- WALDENSTROM'S MACROGLOBULINEMIA USING PLASMA EXCHANGE: F. Malecaze, et al.;
- Journal Fr Ophtalmol (1986: issue 9(5)). Pp. 367-371.
-
- PLASMA EXCHANGE AND MODERATE DOSE OF CYTOSTATICS IN ADVANCED MACRO(CRYO)-
- GLOBULINEMIA: P. Pihlstedt; Acta Med Scand (1982: issue 212(3)). Pp. 187-
- 190.
-
-